Evaluation of Equations for Estimating Resilient Modulus of Fine-Grained Subgrade Soils in Nigeria

Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana, Jacob Enewo Sanni, Hassan Suleiman Otuoze, Abdulmumin Ahmed Shuaibu, Ebenezer Taiye Laraiyetan

Abstract


This work present a resilient modulus constitutive equation adopted for fine-grained subgrade soils in Nigeria. Fine-grained subgrade materials from different locations in Nigeria were characterized for use in the Nigerian Empirical Mechanistic Pavement Analysis and Design. Three samples each from the MTSs making a total eighteen (18) samples were obtained and subjected to laboratory test to determine their basic physical properties. Testing include particle size distribution and Atterberg limits tests. The samples were classified according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The AASHTO soil classification shows that the subgrade soil samples obtained from the MTS 1 were either clayey soil (A-6 and A-7-6) or silty soils (A-4, A-5 and A-2-4). The AASHTO soil classification generally showed that the subgrade samples were “Fair to Poor†in subgrade properties for use as construction materials. The USCS soil classification indicated that most of the samples were lean clay soil with gravel (CL) except few that were either clayey gravel (GC) or clayey sand (SC). This showed that the subgrade samples were mostly clay soil. Resilient modulus constitutive equation for estimating the resilient modulus of Nigerian subgrade soils was adopted through evaluation of existing resilient modulus constitutive equations using the repeated load triaxial test result conducted on Nigerian subgrade soils. From the evaluation, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program resilient modulus constitutive equation was adopted for purposes of predicting resilient modulus of Nigerian subgrade soils.


Full Text:

PDF

References


AASHTO. (1993). Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO M145-91. (2004). Classification of soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO T88. (2003). Particle Size Analysis of Soils (23rd ed.). Washington, D.C: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO T89. (2003). Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils (23rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO T90. (2003). Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils (23rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Abiola, O. S., Owolabi, A. O., Sadiq, O. M., & Aiyedun, P. O. (2012). Application of Dynamic Artificial Neural Network for Modelling Ruts Depth for Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 987-991.

Adu-Osei, A. (2001). Characterization Of Unbound Granular Layers In Flexible Pavements: Research Report ICAR - 502-3. Texas: Texas Transportation Institute the Texas A&M University System College Station.

Apeagyei, A. K., & Diefenderfer, S. D. (2011). Asphalt Material Design Inputs for Use with the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide in Virginia: Report No.: FHWA/VCTIR 12-R6. Virginia: Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research.

ASTM D 2487-98. (2000). Standard Practice for Classiï¬cation of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Uniï¬ed Soil Classiï¬cation System) (Vol. 04.08). Philadelphia, United States: Annual Book of ASTM Standard, American Society for Testing and Materials.

ASTM D 422. (1998). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. Philadelphia, United States: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

ASTM D 4318. (2000). Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. Philadelphia, United States: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Brickman, A. (1989, March). An Overview of Resilient Modulus Test Systems. Workshop on Resilient Modulus, Corvallis, Ore.

BS 1377. (1990). Method of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering Purpose. London: British Standard Institute, BSI.

Claros, G. G., Harvey, J. T., & Hudson, W. R. (1986). Project Summary and Overlay Design Methodology: Volume I, Final Project Report. Kaduna: Pavement Evaluation Unit, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing.

Dione, A., Fall, M., Berthaud, Y., & Bâ, M. (2013). Estimation of Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Materials from Senegal (West Africa) . Geomaterials, 3, 172-178.

George, K. P. (2004). Prediction of Resilient Modulus from Soil Index Properties, FHWA/MS-DOT-RD-04-172. Mississippi: Department of Civil Engineering The University of Mississippi. Retrieved from http://www.mdot.state.ms.us/research/pdf/ResMod.pdf

Hossain, S. M. (2008). Characterization of Subgrade Resilient Modulus for Virginia Soils and Its Correlation with the Results of Other Soil Tests:VTRC 09-R4. Charlottesville: Virginia TransportationResearch Council.

Hossain, S. M. (2010). Characterization of Unbound Pavement Materials From Virginia Sources for Use in the New Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure. Virginia: Virginia Transportation Research Council, Commonwealth of Virginia.

Huang, Y. H. (1993). Pavement Analysis and Design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Ibrahim, S. F. (2013). Baghdad Subgrade Resilient Modulus and liquefaction Evaluation for Pavement Design using Load Cyclic Triaxial Strength. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(12), 125 – 141.

Janoo, V. C., & Bayer II, J. J. (2001). The effect of Aggregate Angularity on Base Course Performance, ERDC/CRREL TR-01-14. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Lekarp, F., Isacsson, U., & Dawson, A. (2000, Jan/Feb). State of the Art. I: Resilient Response of Unbound Aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 126(1).

Maher, A., Bennert, T., Gucunski, N., & Papp, W. J. (2000). Resilient Modulus Properties of New Jersey Subgrade Soils, FHWA Report No. 2000-01, Final Report. Washington D.C.: FHWA.

Mohammad, L. N., Puppala, A. J., & Alavilli, P. (1994). Investigation of the Use of Resilient Modulus for Louisiana Soils in Design of Pavements. Louisiana: Final Report No. 283, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Federal Highway Administration, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development.

NCHRP. (2008). Synthesis 382: Estimating Stiffness of Subgrade and Unbound Materials for Pavement Design. Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board.

Ni, B., Hopkins, T. C., Sun, L., & Beckham, T. L. (2002). Modeling the Resilient Modulus of Soils. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways, and Airfields. 2, pp. 1131–1142. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Ni, B., T.C. Hopkins, L. Sun, and T.L. Beckham, “Modeling the Resilient Modulus of Soils,†Proceedings of the 6th IA.A. Balkema Publishers.

Olowosulu, A. T. (2005). A Framework for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design for Tropical Climate. Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(1), 44-51.

Olowosulu, A. T., Mujtaba, A., Murana, A. A., & Yakubu, M. (2011). Development of Nigerian Empirical-Mechanistic Pavement Analysis and Design (NEMPAD). 2nd International Conference on Transport Technology. 1, pp. 51 – 62. Zaria: Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT).

Ooi, P. S., Archilla, A. R., & Sandefur, K. G. (2004). Resilient Modulus Models for Compacted Cohesive Soils. Transportation Research Record No. 1874 Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 115-124.

Ooi, P. S., Sandefur, K. G., & Archilla, A. R. (2006). Correlation of Resilient Modulus of Fine-Grained Soils with Common Soil Parameters for Use in Design of Flexible Pavements. Honolulu: Report No. HWY-L-2000-06, Hawaii Department of Transportation.

Ping, W. V., & Ling, C. C. (2008). Design Highwater Clearance for Highway Pavements. Florida: Final Report BD-543-13, the Florida Department of Transportation.

Ping, W. V., Wang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2000). Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Resilient Modulus Measurements on Florida Pavement Soils. Florida: Final Report FL/DOT/RMC/0636(F)-4538, the Florida Department of Transportation.

Rao, C. N., George, V., & Shivashankar, R. (2008). PFWD, CBR and DCP Evaluation of Lateritic Subgrades of Dakshina Kannada, India. The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG). Goa, India: The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG).

Rao, C., Titus-Glover, L., Bhattacharya, B., Darter, M. I., Stanley, M., & and Von Quintus, H. L. (2012). Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics. Springfield: National Technical Information Service.

Sandefur, K. (2003). Correlation of Resilient Modulus of Fine-Grained Soils with Common Soil Parameters for use in Design of Flexible Pavements. Hawai'i: A thesis submitted to the Graduate division of the University of Hawai'i in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering.

Santha, B. L. (1994). Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils: Comparison of Two Constitutive Equations:. Transportation Research Record 1462, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 79-90.

Sheng, B. (2010). Evaluation of Granular Subgrade Modulus from Field and Laboratory Tests. Florida: A Thesis submitted to the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, The Florida State University .

Southgate, H. F., Deen, R. C., Havens, J. H., & Drake, W. B. (1976). A flexible Pavement Design and Management System: Research Report 455. Commonwealth of Kentucky: Kentucky Research, Bureau of Highways, Department of Transportation.

Thompson, M. R., & Robnett, Q. L. (1979). Resilient Properties of Subgrade Soils. Transportation Engineering Journal, ASCE, 105(TE1), 71-89.

Titi, H. H., Mohammed, B. E., & Sam, H. (2006). Determination of Typical Resilient Modulus Values for Selected Soils in Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics. Milwaukee: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield.

Uzan, J. (1985). Characterization of Granular Material. Transportation Research Record 1022, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 52-59.

Uzan, J. (2004). Permanent Deformation in Flexible Pavements. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130(1), 6–13.

Viswanathan, B. (1989). Evaluation of Resilient Modulus of Flexible Pavements by Back - Calculation Technique. Ohio: A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University.

Vogrig, M., McDonald, A., Vanapalli, S. K., Siekmeier, J., Roberson, R., & Garven, E. (2003). A Laboratory Technique for Estimating the Resilient Modulus of Unsaturated Soil Specimens from CBR and Unconfined Compression Tests. Canada: 56th Canadian Geotechnical Conference 4th Joint IAH-CNC/CGS Conference 2003 NAGS Conference.

Witczak, M. W., & Uzan, J. (1988). The Universal Airport Pavement Design System, Report 1 of 4, Granular Material Characterization. College Park: University of Maryland.

Yau, A., & Von Quintus, H. L. (2002). Study of LTPP Laboratory Resilient Modulus Test Data and Response Characteristics, Final Report, FHWA-RD-02-051. Virginia: Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transpotation.

Zeghal, M. (2001). Effects of Particle Shapes on the Resilient Behaviour of Aggregate Materials. Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference (pp. 1-5). Victoria: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.