AN IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Vitexdoniana CRUDE EXTRACTS ON Salmonella typhi

F. A. Kuta, I. Onochie, S. Garba, A. S. Adedeji

Abstract


Vitex doniana belongs to the family of Verbenaceae. It is the most abundant and widespread of the genus occurring in the savannah regions. This research was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Vitex doniana crude extracts on the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Vitex doniana crude extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, and steroids. Ethanolic and acetonic crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentrations ranging from 50 to 150mg/ml. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was between 50 and 200mg/ml and the minimum bacteriocidal concentration was 100mg/ml. Five thousand milligrams per kilogram body weight of the crude extracts were administered to the mice orally and no case of death was recorded. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that mice treated with crude ethanolic and acetonic extracts survived after being infected with Salmonella typhi. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48 hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi. Vitex doniana crude extracts could be potential agents for the treatment of diseases associated with Salmonella typhi.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Agbede, J. O. and Ibitoye, A. A. (2007). Chemical composition of black plum (Vitex doniana): an under-utilized fruit. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 5 (2): 95 96.

Abdullahi, M. (2010). Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella

Species In Children Attending Some Hospitals In Kano Metropolis, Kano State –Nigeria, Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 202 – 206.

Abalaka, M. E., Daniyan, S.Y. and Adeyemo S.O. (2011). Determination of In -vitro susceptibility of the typhoid pathogen to synergistic action of Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia heterophylla and Phyllanthusniruri for possible development of effective anti- typhoid drugs. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 5 (10): 511-514.

Abdulkarim, Y. (2012). Environment and Socio-Economic Influence of Victim of Malaria and Typhoid Fever in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2, 17-23.

Canadian council on animal care (CCAC) (1997). Guidelines on animal use Protocol Review.

Cheessbrough, M. (2010). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Dauda, B. E. N, Oyeleke, S. B., Jigam, A. A., Salihu, S. O. and Balogun, M. M. (2011). Phytochemical and In-vitro antibacterial investigation of Vitex doniana leaves stem Bark and Root bark Extracts. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 5(7):523-528.

Dawang, N. D. and Datup, A. (2012). Screening of Five Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Typhoid Fever and Gastroenteritis in Central Nigeria. Global Engineers and Technologists Review, 2 (9), 461-468.

Food and fruit-Bearing Forest Species (FAO) (1983). Examples from East Africa. Forest, Paper 44/1, Food and Agriculture, Rome.

Faleyimu, O. I., Akinyemi, O. and Idris, Y. M. (2010). Survey of forest plants used in traditional treatment of typhoid fever in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 6(1), pp 75-81.

Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall Limited, London, pp: 49-188. http//:www.book.google.com.ng/book, 49-188.

Ibekwe, A.C., Okonko, I.O., Onunkwo, A.U., Donbraye, E., Babalola, E.T. and Onoja, B.A. (2008). “Baseline Salmonella agglutinin titres in apparently healthy freshmen in Aka, South Eastern, Nigeria,†Scientific Research and Essays, 3(9): 225–230.

Iroha, I.R., ILang, D.C., Ayogu, T.E., Oji, A.E. and Ugbo, E.C. (2012). Screening for anti- typhoid activity of some medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(12): 860-864.

Katie, E.F. and Thorington, R.W. (2006). Squirrels: the animal answer guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 91.

Mahajan, B.K. (1997). Significance of differences in means. In: Methods in Biostatistics for Medical and Research Workers, 6th edition. New Delhi: JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers, pp. 130-155.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) (1998). Methods for dilution in antimicrobial susceptibility test. Villanova.

Nwachukwu, E. and Uzoeto, O.H. (2010). Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf of Vitex Doniana and Cajanus Cajan on Some Bacteria. Researcher, 2(3):37-47

Organization of economic and cooperative development (OECD) (2000). Guidance Document on Acute Oral Toxicity. Environmental Health and Safty Monograph Series on Testing and Assessments, 24.-29

Okwu, D.E. (2001). Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of indigenous spices and Flavouring Agent. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 7(3): 455-459.

Sofowora, A. (1994). Medicinal plant and traditional medicine in Africa. John Wiley, New York, 256 – 257.

Sifuma, W.A. (2011). Vitex doniana Sweet (Verbenaceae): evaluation of pharmacological basis of use in traditional medicine.

Sarkiyayi, S., Karago, J. and Hassan, R. (2011). Studies on Anti Typhoid Properties of Aqueous Methanol Leaves Extract of Albiziaferruginea (Musase). International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review, 1(1): 24-30.

Trease, G.E. and Evans, D.E. (1989). PhytochemicaL Screening of powdered roots, stem, leaves. Pharmacology 13th Edition Tindali, 1124 -1125.

Tijjani, M.A., Abdulrahaman, F.I., Khan, I.Z. and Sandabe, U.K. (2012). Anti-inflammatory, Anticunvusant, and Antipyretic Properties of Ethanolic extracts of Vitex doniana Sweet Stem Bark. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(4):2230 – 8407. www.irjponlone.com.

Vakantesan, R., Kumar, P. and Sirinivas, V. K. (2011). A challenge study to assess the protective efficacy of typhoid Vi-Polysaccharides-Protein conjugate vaccine in laboratory animal.

Willey, M.J., Sherwood, M.L. and Woolverton, J.C. (2008). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology, 7th edition. McGraw-Hill Company Inc New York USA. pp 984- 985.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.