Dynamic Spectrum Management: A Comprehensive Review

P. Naldongar, A. S. Yaro, A. D. Usman, M. Ja'afar, A. M. Tekanyi, U. F. Abdu-Aguye, H. A. Adamu, I. Seidu, Y. Alhassan

Abstract


Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) addresses spectrum scarcity in wireless communication by optimizing allocation and sharing. This paper reviews DSM techniques, focusing on cognitive radio (CR), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, through a systematic analysis of 20+ peer-reviewed studies from Scopus and Web of Science. Findings highlight CR’s spectrum sensing capabilities, AI’s predictive allocation, and blockchain’s secure sharing, improving efficiency in 5G and Beyond 5G networks. Challenges include scalability, computational complexity, and real-time adaptability. A proposed framework integrating AI and decentralized architectures aims to enhance spectrum utilization by 30–50%, supporting applications like smart cities and IoT. Future research should prioritize scalable, low-complexity DSM solutions.


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