Causes and Impacts of Power Outages in Overhead Distribution Lines and Propose Strategies for Enhancing their Resilience and Reliability. A Case Study of Zaria, Nigeria

G Onuh, P. U. Okorie, G. A. Olarinoye, N. A. Iliyasu, S. H., Sulaiman

Abstract


This study investigates the causes and impacts of power outages in the 33kV and 11kV overhead distribution network in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using outage data from 2022 and 2023 obtained from Kaduna Electric (KEDCO) and the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), the study analyzed key reliability indices such as SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, CAIFI, and ASAI. Results showed a notable year-on-year deterioration in network performance across Sabon Gari, Samaru, and Zaria City. For instance, in Sabon Gari, SAIDI increased from 0.41 in 2022 to 0.70 in 2023, and SAIFI rose from 0.08 to 0.12, while Zaria City’s CAIFI moved from 0.19 to 0.21. Projections for 2024 further highlight this declining trend, with SAIDI forecasted to reach 1.21 in Sabon Gari, 0.71 in Samaru, and 0.96 in Zaria City. Likewise, CAIFI is projected to rise to 0.88, 0.66, and 1.47, respectively, indicating worsening customer experiences in the absence of urgent intervention. Dominant outage causes were identified as "out-of-service" faults, load shedding, and frequency instabilities. The study also estimated that energy not served (ENS) in 2023 resulted in over ₦526 million in economic losses. Based on these findings, the research recommends preventive maintenance, infrastructure upgrades, deployment of smart grid technology, and better regulatory oversight. This study provides practical insights for improving the reliability and resilience of Zaria’s power distribution system.


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