Characterization Of Makkoda Silica Sand Deposit In Kano State Northwest Nigeria For Use In Glass Manufacturing

E. M. Alemaka, A. D. Garkida, A. M. Abdullahi

Abstract


The suitability of Makkoda silica sand deposits in Kano State Northwest Nigeria for commercial glass production was assessed based on the chemical and physical properties of the silica sand sample collected from the sand deposits. Physical properties such as pH, particle size, grain morphology and the specific gravity examinations were carried out using pH meter, mechanical shaker (sieving method), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reveal the shape of the sample and the specific gravity testing machine respectively. The amount of volatile organic matter present in the sample was determined from the results of the Loss on Ignition. Analysis of the percentage chemical compositions of the sand sample was carried out using an X-Ray fluorescence spectrophotometer (XRF) and other metallic elements were determined with the aid of Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results obtained were assessed and compared with the standard requirements for glass making. The pH of the sand sample was found to fall within the neutral range with a value of 7.36 on the scale. Grain size analysis shows that the sand is composed of fine gravel with fine sand having the highest percentage retention fraction 0f 89.20%. An average specific gravity of 2.58g/cm3 was obtained, the sample grain morphology was found to be angular. Chemical characterization of the sand sample reveals the sample composed of 94.90% silica (SiO2) and 0.16% iron (Fe2O3). The results of the physical and chemical characterization of the Makkoda silica sand sample reveals that the sand satisfies the minimum requirements for use in glass manufacturing.


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