Bioethanol, Neem Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Blends as Fuel for Diesel Engines: Production and Characterization

Agogo H., Ibrahim S. K.

Abstract


In this research, biodiesel was produced from neem oil using the transesterification method. Bioethanol was produced from cassava peels using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The bioethanol-biodiesel blends (BD5BE5D90, BD20BE10D70 and BD40E30D30) were characterised and evaluated for oxidative degradation during 21 days of storage. The oxidative degradation was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, this study determined the properties of the blends, such as relative density, kinematic viscosity and flashpoint. However, the results from the experiments performed, showed that BD5BE5D90 and BD20BE10D70 blends have relatively low flash points, thereby having the potentiality of ignition in high temperatures and can easily degrade over time, while BD40BE30D40 blend properties are within the EN standards. BD40BE30D40 blend showed significantly better results when compared with the other blends, and there was no oxidative degradation during the storage period. 


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adu-Mensah D, Mei D, Zuo L, Zhang Q, Wang J. (2019). A review on partial hydrogenation of biodiesel and its influence on fuel properties. Fuel, 251, 660-668.

Agarwal AK, Das L. (2001). Biodiesel development and characteristics for use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. J. Eng. Gas Turbine Power. 123, 440-447.

Akhabue CE, Osa-Benedict EO, Oyedoh EA, Otoikhian SK. (2020). Development of a biobased bifunctional catalyst for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of neem seed oil: Modeling and optimization studies. Renew. Energy, 52, 724-735.

Alamu, O., Waheed, M., & Jekayinfa, S. (2007). Biodiesel Production from Nigerian Palm

Kernel Oil: Effect of KOH Concentration on Yield. Energy for Sustainable Development, 77-82. doi:10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60579-7

Alptekin E, & Canakei M. (2008). Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodieseldiesel fuel blends. Renew. Energ, 33, 2623-2630.

Ananthi V, Raja R, Carvalho IS, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A, Arun A. (2021). A realistic scenario on microalgae based biodiesel production: third generation biofuel. Fue, 284, 118965.

Atabani, A. E., Silitongac, A. S., & Badruddin, I. A. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 (3),, 2070–2093.

Azeez, A., Fasakin, A., & Orege, J. (2019). Production, Characterisation and Fatty Acid Composition of Jatropha curcas Biodiesel as a Viable Alternative to Conventional Diesel Fuel in Nigeria. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 1-10. doi:10.4236/gsc.2019.91001

Balat, M. B. (2010). Progress in biodiesel processing. Applied Energy, 1815–1835.

Bhatia SK, Bhatia RK, Jeon JM, Pugazhendhi A, Awasthi MK, Kumar D, et al. (2021). An overview on advancements in biobased transesterification methods for biodiesel production: oil resources, extraction, biocatalysts, and process intensification technologies—ScienceDirect. Fuel, 285, 119117.

Bryan, M. (2010). Biodiesel Production, Properties, and Feedstocks. Biofuels, 285–347. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7145-6_15

Chandran D. (2020). Compatibility of diesel engine materials with biodiesel fuel. Renew. Energy, 147, :89-99.

Chiaramonti, D., Bonini, M., & E., F. (2003). Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines—Part 1: emulsion production.

Biomass and Bioenerg, 85-89.

Deepanraj, B., P. Lawrence, R. Sivashankar, and V. Sivasubramanian. (2015, January). Analysis of preheated crude palm oil, palm oil methyl ester and its blends as fuel in diesel engine. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(5), 37–41.

Dwivedi, G., S. Pillai, and A. K. Shukla. (2019). Study of performance and emissions of engines fueled by biofuels and its blends. 77–106.

Erdiwansyah, Mamat R, Sani MSM, Sudhakar K, Asep Kadarohman, Sardjono RE. (2019). An overview of Higher alcohol and biodiesel as alternative fuels in engines. Energy Rep., 6, 467-479.

Fasakin, A. (2016). Evaluation of Coconut Oil Biodiesel Fuels as Sustainable Alternatives to Petro-Diesel in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research, 7, 574-582.

Gad MS, El-Fakharany MK, Elsharkawy EA. (2020). Effect of HHO gas enrichment on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel blend with kerosene additive. Fuel, 280, 118632.

Guo Y, Ristovski Z, Graham E. (2020). The correlation between diesel soot chemical structure and reactivity. Carbon, 161, 736-749.

Hasan MM, & Rahman MM. (2017). Performance and emission characteristics of biodieseldiesel blend and environmental and economic impacts of biodiesel production: A review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 74, 938-948.

Jiaqiang E, Pham M, Zhao D, et al. (2017). Effect of different technologies on combustion and emissions of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel: A review. Renew. Sust. Energ.

Rev., 620-647, 620-647.

Kapoor M., Kumar N., Verma A.S., Gautam G., Padap A.K. (2020). Performance and emission analysis of compression ignition engine with neem methyl ester mixed with cerium oxide nano particles. ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 142(8), 082308 - 082317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047022

Konada, N., Suman, K., & Ashok, K. B. (2020). Experimental investigation on performance, smoke and exhaust gas analysis of four stroke diesel engine using pongomia/neem oil bio diesel. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 12(4), 23-

doi:10.4314/ijest.v12i4.3

Krahl J, Munack A, Bahadir M, Schumacher L, Elser N. (1996). Review utilization of rapessed oil, rapeseed oil methyl ester or diesel engine fuel: exhaust gas emissions and estimation of environmental effects. SAE Tech. Pap. , 962096.

Kumar MS, Ramesh A, Nagalingam B. . (2001). Experimental investigation on a Jatropha oil methanol dual fuel engine. SAE Tech. Pap. , 01-0153.

Leduc, S., K. Natarajan, E. Dotzauer, I. McCallum, and M. Obersteiner. (2009). Optimizing Biodiesel Production in India. Applied Energy , 86, S125–31.

Liu, W., X. Zhang, and S. Feng. (2019). Does renewable energy policy work? Evidence from a panel data analysis. Renewable Energy, 135, 635–42. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.037.

Martín, C., Moure, A., M. G., Carrillo, E., Domínguez, H., & Parajó, J. C. (2010). Fractional characterization of jatropha, neem, moringa, trisperma, castor and candlenut seeds as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production in Cuba. Biomass Bioenerg, 533-538.

Merlin, A. Z., O. A. Marcel, A. O. Louis Max, C. Salem, and G. Jean. (2015). Development and experimental investigation of a biodiesel from a nonedible woody plant: The neem.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 201–08. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.027.

Mirhashemi FS, Sadrnia H. (2020). NOX emissions of compression ignition engines fueled with various biodiesel blends: A review. J. Energy Inst., 93, 129-151.

MK., Y. (2020). A detailed investigation on the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on the blend of diesel fuel biodiesel and 1-heptanol (C7 alcohol) as a next-generation higher alcohol. Fuel, 275, 117893.

Muhammad G, Alam MA, Mofijur M, Jahirul MI, Lv Y, Xiong W, et al. (2021). Modern developmental aspects in the field of economical harvesting and biodiesel production from microalgae biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev., 139, 110209.

Murillo S, Miguez JL, Porteiro J, Granada E, Moran JC. (2007). Performance and exhaust emissions in use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines. Fuel, 86, 1765-1771.

Nabi M. N., Akhter M. S., Zaglul Shahadat M. M. (2006). Improvement of engine emissions with conventional diesel fuel and diesel-biodiesel blends. Bioresour. Technol., 97, 372378.

Nwufo, O., Nwafor, O., & Igbokwe, J. (2016). Effects of blends on the physical properties of bioethanol produced from selected Nigerian crops. Int. J. Ambient Energy.

Rajesh Y., Kolakoti A., Chandrasekhar B.G., Bhargavi J. (2019). Optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil using definitive screening deisgn. International

Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 11(2), 48-57. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v11i2.4

Rakopoulos CD, Hountalas DT, Rakopoulos DC, Glakoumis EG. (2005). Experimental release rate analysis in both chambers of an indirect injection turbocharged diesel engine at various load and speed conditions. SAE Transactions, 114, 867-882.

Ramalingam S, Mahalakshmi NV. (2020). Influence of high-pressure fuel injection system on engine performance and combustion characteristics of Moringa Oleifera biodiesel and its blends. Fuel, 279, 118461.

Rao G, Prasad A, Mohan PR. (2005). Performance evaluation of DI and IDI engines with Jatropha oil-based biodiesel. J. Inst. Eng. (India): Mech. Eng. Div., 86, 72-76.

Rao PS, Gopalakrishnan KV. (1991). Vegetable oils and their methyl esters as fuels for diesel engines. Indian J. Technol., 29, 292-297.

Rosea R, Rakosi E, Manolache G, Nieulana M. (2005). Fuel and injection characteristics for a biodiesel type fuel from waste cooking oil. SAE Tech. Pap. , 01-3674.

Sajjad, H., Masjuki, H.H., Varman, M., Khan, M.M.R., Arbab, M.I., Imtenan, S. and Sanjid, A. (2014). Comparative Study of Biodiesel, GTL Fuel and Their Blends in Context of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission. Procedia Engineering, 98, 466-471. . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.758

Schwab, A., Bagby, M., & Freedman, B. (1987). Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oil. Fuel 66, 1372–1378.

Shahir SA, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Imran A, Ashraful AM. (2015). Performance and emission assessment of diesel-biodiesel- ethanol/ bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: A review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 48, 62-78.

Sharma D, Soni SI, Pathak SC, Gupta R. (2005). Performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using neem-diesel blends. J. Inst. Eng. (India):Mech. Eng. Div., 86, 77-83.

Sharma, Y., Singh, B., & Upadhyay, S. (2008). Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: A review. Fuel, 2355-2373.

Sharp CA, Ryan TW, Knothe G. (2005). Heavy-Duty diesel engine emissions tests using special biodiesel fuels. SAE Transactions, 114, 1204-1212.

Singh D, Sharma D, Soni SL, Sharma S, Kumari D. (2019). Chemical compositions, properties, and standards for different generation biodiesels: A review. Fuel, 253, 60-71.

Singh, A., & Singh, I. S. (1991). Chemical evaluation of mahua (Madhuca indica) seeds. Food Chem. 40,221–228.

Sirman MB, Owens EC, Whitney KA. (2000). Emissions comparison of alternative fuels in an advanced automotive diesel engine. SAE Transactions. 109, 2166-2176.

Slomkowski, S., José, V. A., Robert, G. G., Michael, H., Kazuyuki, H., Richard, G., Robert, F. (2011). Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011). Pure Appl. Chem.

Soudagar MEM, Nik-Ghazali N-N, Abul Kalam M, Badruddin IA, Banapurmath NR, Akram N. (2018). The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: A comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics.

Energy Convers. Manage. 178, 146-177.

Suresh M, Jawahar CP, Richard A. (2018). A review on biodiesel production, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of non-edible oils in variable compression ratio diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 92, 38-49.

Suryawanshi J, Deshpande N. (2005). Overview of EGR injection timing and pressure on emissions and performance of CI engine with pongamia methyl ester. SAE Tech. Pap., 26:1-10.

Wang Y, Liu H, Lee C.-F. (2016). Particulate matter emission characteristics of diesel engines with biodiesel or biodiesel blending: A review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 64, 569-581.

Wang, R., Hanna, M. A., Zhou, W. W., Bhadury, P. S., Chen, Q., Song, B. A., & Yang, S. (2011). Production and selected fuel properties of biodiesel from promising non-edible oils: Euphorbia.

Zabed, H., Sahu, J. N., Suely, A., Boyce, A. N., & Faruq, G. (2016). Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 475-501.

Zaharin, M. Abdullah N. R., Najafi G., Sharudin H., Yusaf T. (2017). Effects of physicochemical properties of biodiesel fuel blends with alcohol on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions: A review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 79, 475-493.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.