Impacts of Artisanal Mining Activities on Soil and Groundwater Quality in Rafi and Shiroro Local Government Areas, Nigeria

Abstract

This study investigates the impacts of mining activities on soil and groundwater quality in Rafi and Shiroro Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Niger State, Nigeria, with a focus on seasonal variations. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected during both wet and dry seasons through field observations, laboratory analyses of soil and water samples, and geospatial mapping. Soil samples were tested for heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Pb, while groundwater analyses examined parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, and biological oxygen demand. The results revealed that during the wet season, heavy metal concentrations in soil, such as Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, and Pb, exceeded WHO limits, indicating significant contamination. In contrast, the dry season recorded lower concentrations within acceptable limits. Similarly, groundwater physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, sulphate, and chloride exceeded permissible levels during the wet season, while most remained within limits during the dry season, except for elevated air and water temperatures in some areas. The study recommends that regulatory authorities enforce stricter mining regulations and monitor activities, especially during the wet season, to mitigate heavy metal contamination. Additionally, local governments should collaborate with environmental experts and NGOs to implement community-based education and alternative livelihood programs, reducing reliance on artisanal mining and its associated risks.