Effect of Seasons and Income Level on Solid Waste Generation Rates and Composition: A Case Study of Kaduna and Bauchi, Nigeria

Rabia Lawal Batagarawa, Dalhatu Saleh, John Egbonye Sani, Abbas Ibrahim Muazu, Saminu Ahmad

Abstract


Solid waste management in urban areas of developing nations, such as Nigeria, poses significant social and environmental challenges. While research has addressed some obstacles to sustainable waste management, the impact of seasonal variations and income levels on waste generation and composition remains underexplored in these regions. This research study investigated the effect of level of income and seasons on the solid waste generation rates and composition in Kaduna and Bauchi, Nigeria. Random stratified sampling and questionnaire survey were used to identify the income levels of the households, solid waste was collected from the households and generations rate and composition were determined within both dry and wet season. The waste generation rates in Kaduna and Bauchi were found to be 0.44kg/capita/day and 0.32kg/capita/day in wet season and 0.35kg/capita/day and 0.25kg/capita/day in dry season respectively, also the generation rates in Kaduna according income level grouped into high, middle and low income was found to be (0.59, 0.42, 0.33) kg/capita/day and (0.48, 0.34, 0.24)kg/capita/day in wet and dry season respectively and that of Bauchi {(0.35, 0.24, 0.17)kg/capita/day and (0.43, 0.31, 0.22)kg/capita/day in dry and wet season respectively. The solid waste composition in Kaduna was found to be 53.5% food waste, 18.24% plastics, 2.02% green waste, 2.14% paper, 4.48% textile, 0.64% metals, 0.62% glass/ceramics, and 18.41% other waste in dry season and 53% food waste, 3.2% green waste, 2.2% paper, 9.3% textile, 23.2% plastics, 0.66% metals, 0.52% glass/ceramics, and 8.3% other waste in wet season. Also waste composition in Bauchi was found to be 47.1% food waste, 2.5% green waste, 3.3% paper, 7.7% textile, 16.5% plastics, 0.9% metals, 1% glass/ceramics, and 21% other waste in dry season and 43.4% food waste, 3.4% green waste, 7.56% paper, 5.9% textile, 16.8% plastics, 3.7% metals, 2.96% glass/ceramics, and 16.3% other waste in wet season. The overall results show that income level and season has effect on the solid waste generation rate and composition with higher waste generation in high income groups and ascends to low income groups, also high in wet season than in dry season. Seasonal variation seems to have minimal effect on the composition with slight increase in recyclables in wet season. Therefore, this research study has provided valuable insights for improved waste management strategies. ANOVA results show that income levels affect waste generation in both Kaduna and Bauchi across seasons. T-test results indicate significant seasonal impacts on waste generation rates, with higher rates in the wet season. Multiple regression analysis reveals that the dry season regression equation is the best model for predicting waste generation in both states.


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